Approaching the history of removal as one period of “many removals” is very crucial for the understanding of the multifaceted impact and interconnectedness of these many events. This perspective highlights the diverse groups and regions affected by removal policies, emphasizing that it was not only a singular event but a series of displacements that involved various different communities, particularly the Native Americans plus the African Americans. Native American tribes across the United States were significantly impacted by these forced removals. The infamous Trail of Tears which involved groups like the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole tribes, is a major and prominent example of this. This displacement from their ancestral lands in the Southeastern United States to a different designated Indian Territory resulted in the immense suffering and loss of life of these communities. Similarly, groups of African Americans were affected by the extension of slavery into Western territories, exacerbating the entrenchment of slavery and leading to further dislocation and exploitation of these groups. The interdependence of historical issues such as the event of extension of slavery and the removal of multiple Native communities can be seen in the way these policies reinforced one another. As Nakia D. Parker discusses in “Inseparable Separation: Slavery and Indian Removal,” the removal of Native Americans opened up the vast tracts of land in the South that were ultimately used in the expansion of slavery. This, in fact, created a cycle where the displacement of one group would facilitate and further the oppression and exploitation of another. The federal policies of Indian removal and the extension of slavery were not isolated but instead deeply interconnected processes driven by the same exact expansionist and economic motives in this case. Federal, state, and local policies regarding Native Americans evolved significantly during this period. Initially, treaties and agreements aimed at coexistence were common. However, in this circumstance, as the desire for land intensified, policies sifted towards forced removal. The Indian Removal Act of 1830, signed by President Andrew Jackson, marked a major decisive turning point, a federal policy change that mandated the relocation of Native tribes to the lands west of the Mississippi River to make room for expansion. State policies, particularly ones in Georgia, also aggressively pursued the idea of Native removal, often in defiance of federal treaties, which in turn led to legal battles such as Worcester v. Georgia. Locally, the enforcement of these policies varied on levels but often involved violent displacement and appropriation of lands of the Natives. In “Encounters at the Heart of the World,” chapters 9-10 detail the profound impacts of these multiple policies on the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara peoples. Their experiences reflect the broader consequences of removal policies, including the loss of land, cultural disruption, and increased vulnerability to diseases and conflicts. Understanding the period as one of “many removals” is important and recognizing the interdependence of policies regarding slavery and Native displacement provides a comprehensive view of the historical landscape. It underscores the importance, and pervasive nature of displacement and exploitation in American history, and the interconnectedness of the suffering of marginalized communities.